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1. Cyber warfare typically involves a nation-state perpetrating cyber attacks on another, but in some cases, the attacks are carried out by terrorist organizations
2. Sabotage refers to monitoring other countries to steal secrets.
3. Hostile governments or terrorists may steal information and destroy it. It is hacktivism.
4. DoS attacks prevent legitimate users from accessing a website by flooding it with fake requests and forcing the website to handle these requests.
5. Ransomware can be used to expose embarrassing truths, and spread lies to make people lose trust in their country.
6. Attacks on the power grid can also disrupt communications and render services such as text messages and communications unusable.
7. An effective cyberattack on civil infrastructure could bring an enemy country’s military to its knees.
8. The Estonian attack was a ransomware attack.
9. Stuxnet is a computer worm that was originally aimed at Iraq’s nuclear facilities.
10. Colonial Pipeline suffered a ransomware attack in 2021.
11. Hackers used Shamoon wiper malware to erase Sony’s computer infrastructure.
12. In Marriott Hotels Data Breach, hackers had sold 200 million user details for 1900$.
13. Stuxnet was a DDoS attack.
14. Espionage can lead to disruption of public services and infrastructure, as well as loss of life.
15. Hacktivists can engage in cyber warfare by spreading propaganda or going after secrets and then exposing them to the rest of the world.